PMC

a Percentage of T. amphioxeia genes identified in the starved M. rubrum DNA data by read alignment and k-mer screening methods. b Proportion of actively transcribed T. amphioxeia genes before and after sequestration. c Global transcriptome of M. rubrum with proportion of contributing T. amphioxeia and M. rubrum genes. d Global transcriptome of M. rubrum with proportion of transcript abundance originating from T. amphioxeia or M. rubrum.

Photodynamic antimicrobial efficacy of AE on microconidia of T. rubrum control and clinical strains.
A. Chemical structure of AE.
B. Absorption spectra of AE.
C. Survival rate of T. rubrum microconidia incubated for different durations with AE (10 μM) in the dark; (P−L−, P = photosensitizer, L = light irradiation): T. rubrum microconidia without any treatment.
D. Survival rate of T. rubrum microconidia irradiated with different energy doses of 435 ± 10 nm light; (P−L−): T. rubrum microconidia without any treatment.
E. Microconidial survival rate of control T. rubrum strain incubated with 1 μM of AE in the dark for 2 h and irradiated with different energy doses of light.
F. Microconidial survival rate of clinical T. rubrum strain incubated with 1 μM of AE in the dark for 2 h and irradiated with different energy doses of light.
G. Microconidial survival rate of control T. rubrum strain incubated with 10 μM of AE in the dark for 2 h and irradiated with different energy doses of light.
H. Microconidial survival rate of clinical T. rubrum strain incubated with 10 μM of AE in the dark for 2 h and irradiated with different energy doses of light.
I. Diameters of AE‐mediated aPDT‐treated control T. rubrum colonies after incubation at 28°C for 0–7 days (irradiated with 48 J cm⁻² light).
J. Diameters of AE‐mediated aPDT‐treated clinical T. rubrum colonies after incubation at 28°C for 0–7 days (irradiated with 48 J cm⁻² light). Each value refers to mean ± standard deviation (SD) (n = 3) (ns: no significance, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001).

a Comparison of the presence of genes from selected pathways in the ciliates M. rubrum, Paramecium tetraurelia, and Tetrahymena thermophile and the cryptophyte T. amphioxeia with differential expression of T. amphioxeia genes upon sequestration (free-swimming versus well-fed), showing services provided by T. amphioxeia to M. rubrum. b Principal component analysis of M. rubrum genes. c Barplot showing the amount of significantly differentially expressed M. rubrum genes (|log₂FC| > 1.5 or |log₂FC| > 1) according to prey and light conditions. d GO enrichment analysis of M. rubrum genes upregulated in the well-fed samples visualized as an enrichment map. e Heat map showing the differential expression (up/down fold change > 1.5) of active and passive transmembrane transporters in well-fed and starved M. rubrum cells.

a Pearson correlation analysis of T. amphioxeia genes among different samples show differences according to time and light condition. b Pearson correlation analysis of T. amphioxeia genes after sequestration by M. rubrum reveals an expression pattern that is independent of light and prey availability. c Amount of T. amphioxeia genes that were differentially expressed according to time and light condition in free-swimming cells and after sequestration by M. rubrum. d Small panels show expression fold change of light-dependent T. amphioxeia DEGs at night, night-versus-morning, and night-versus-day in free-swimming, inside well-fed M. rubrum and inside starved M. rubrum condition. The heat map shows T. amphioxeia genes that got differentially expressed according to time and light condition before sequestration by M. rubrum but maintained at high-expression levels at night after sequestration.